Free resources to assist you with your university studies! The computer program RES2DINV.EXE will automatically subdivide the subsurface into a number of blocks, and it then uses a least-squares inversion scheme to determine the appropriate resistivity value for each block. Electrical Resistivity Method (ERM) is one of geophysical tool that offer very attractive technique for subsurface profile characterization in larger area. In the case of soil testing, the problems with direct shear testing are important from a continuum mechanics perspective; however, if the interface direct shear test is considered as a surface test, then homogeneity is required only along the idealized shear band. The geophysical method which dominant by geophysicists become one of most popular method applied by engineers in civil engineering fields. Electrical resistivity surveys have been used for many decades in hydro geologica… This is a lower bound (or safe) value for the plane shearing resistance with respect to strength anisotropy. Landslide is one of natural hazards that are often occur all over the world. This road is the only one that is connecting Kuala Kubu Baru or Fraser Hill to Raub. All work is written to order. All landslides are triggered by similar causes (Bujang B.K. Unfortunately, landslide monitoring schemes could not warn the existence of any impendingfor any landslide or even to detect some obvious pre-sliding signs. 2-D and even 3-D electrical surveys are now practical commercial method with the relatively nowadays advancement technology of multi-electrode resistivity surveying instruments (Griffiths et al. Application of this method to sites located in alluvial deposits in Iowa revealed that the degree of success of the method was directly related to the degree of contamination. The ground resistivity is related to various geological parameters such as the mineral and fluid content, porosity and degree of water saturation in the rock. The arrays supported by this program are the Wenner (Alpha, Beta and Gamma configurations – the Alpha configuration is normally used for field surveys and usually just referred to as the “Wenner” array), Wenner-Schlumberger, pole-pole, inline dipole-dipole, pole-dipole and equatorial dipole-dipole (Edwards 1977). According to Gomiz-Ortez et al (2006), electrical resistivity imaging is a geophysical prospecting technique designed for the investigation of areas of complex geology; this involves measuring a series of resistivity profiles, using a computer to control measurements between selected sets of an electrode array. The attractiveness of Fraser’s Hill is based majorly on its cool mountain air, its abundance of luxuriant vegetation, and its peace and tranquility–all of which have made it a favored destination for birdwatchers. According to Srinivasamoorthy (2009), the important purpose of electrical surveys is to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution by making measurements on the ground surface. The electrical resistivity method has been used to delineate shallow zones of ground‐water contamination resulting from solid waste disposal sites. Electrical resistivity method (ERM) is an attractive approach in the assessment of soil physical properties (water content, void ratio, density, etc. The recent study is managing geoelectrical resistivity field survey that was completed by applying VES method which measures the variation of the electrical resistivity with depth. ERM presents potential in laboratorial test and feasibility in field monitoring of soil hydraulic responses to drought. The relationship of shear strength of a soil and resistivity can be obtained by knowing the factors that contribute to the shear strength value such as moisture content,porosity,and saturation percentage. Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) known also as electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) or continuous vertical electrical sounding (CVES), described in detail by Dahlin (1996) and Loke (2011), has been used in the investigations. Electrical resistivity methods. From all of the resistivity profiling images that has been carried out,the subsurface formation of all lines has the electrical resistivity range around 700-ohm to 2421-ohm. They are based on the principle that measurements of electrical potential at the surface depend on subsurface distributions of electrical resistivity (in Om). Copyright © 2003 - 2020 - UKEssays is a trading name of All Answers Ltd, a company registered in England and Wales. Figure 3: Data Acquisition Map of the Study Area. The range of elevation in Fraser Hill is from 400 to 1300 meters above sea level. This program will hopefully help you in choosing the “best” array for a particular survey area after carefully balancing factors such as the cost, depth of investigation, resolution and practicality. All type of soil can be tested by direct shear. The landslides are often triggered by water accumulation within part of the slope which leads to weakening of a section of the slope. The application, interpretation, and understanding of electrical methods requires a familiarity with the relationship between soil and rock characteristics and the resistivities obtained from electrical data. After the field survey, the resistance measurements are reduced to apparent resistivity values. According to Gassim et al., (2001), the mean annual rainfall for the catchment is about 2624 mm with average of 208 rain- days in a year. On the other hand, quantitative assessment of transport behaviours in soil sand rocks from ERT data is recorded in poor manner. Samples are square in plan.The box is split horizontally in to two halves. Also, resistivity surveys may be used as a reconnaissance method, to detect anomalies that can be further investigated by complementary geophysical methods and/or drill holes. This value indicates that at this point,the soil is difficult to shear and it makes water to be difficult to enter then contributed to the high resistivity .One of the reason is because its porosity is high. (2007), and one of the most important landslide sites is located in the Altindag district. Application of the Electrical Resistivity Method in Groundwater Exploration CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND. This harmful situation always occurred in highland area during wet season. Shibaya, Mitachi and Tamate (1997) have given an optimum configuration of the shear box apparatus for measuring the strength and dilatancy characteristics in direct shear. The direct shear type of apparatus is a commonly used device for interface testing. Thus a sample deposited vertically through the top of the apparatus (in the conventional way/ and tested horizontally in the direct shear will yield a plane strain angle of friction close to the minimum value for the soil. Within the last few years, IT technology has been applied to monitor critical landslide after the tragedy of landslide in Antarabangsa Hill and Taman Hillview tragedy situated within Kuala Lumpur. More recently, it has been used for environmental surveys. One landslide occurred in km 90,FT055,Kuala Lumpur/Kuala Lipis (Gap Road/Tranum),Fraser Hill starting December 16 2007 until almost recently. However, it is less sensitive to horizontal changes in the subsurface resistivity. The cohesion and angle of friction value obtained from shear strength results were important parameter because it give indication on how strong the soil can be shear. The normal stresses and the corresponding values of ?f obtained from a number of strength parameters are determined. Fraser’s Hill located neatly at 1,524 meters above sea level, substantial to the north of the Genting Highlands and also in Pahang. Shear force applied to the side of the top half of the box to cause failure. Most of the area were consist of granite and higher resistivity indicate it has low saturated water. In order to combine the benefits derived from the standard electrode arrays and/or different electrode spacings in some field profiles, both of them were obtained independently, and then combined in a mixed array that has been jointly inverted and interpreted. In this method, the centre point of the electrode array remains fixed, but the spacing between the electrodes is increased to obtain more information about the deeper sections of the subsurface.The resistivity method measures the apparent resistivity of the subsurface, including effects of any or all of the following : soil type, bedrock fractures, contaminants, and ground water. To assess the slope stability of Jalan Baru Gap,Fraser’s Hill. 1990) and fast computer inversion software (Loke 1994). We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. From the graph,the highest resistivity value is at point L2C1E7 It is because it has high shear strength values. Boulon (1989) and Boulon et al. To determine the true subsurface resistivity, an inversion of the measured apparent resistivity values using a computer program must be carried out. However, there are still some uncertainties associated with stress level in the shear band; for this reason, stresses determined using boundary forces from this test are considered average stresses for the interface. Huat (2005), Malaysia is one of the countries located in the tropical region. With this program, the user can choose the finite-difference (Dey and Morrison 1979a) or finite-element (Silvester and Ferrari 1990) method to calculate the apparent resistivity values. The voltage measured can then, using the parameters of the survey, be converted into an apparent resistivity value. This method has greater signal-to-noise ratio than the dipole-dipole method because the potential electrodes are placed between the two current electrodes. The ground resistivity is related to various geological parameters such as the mineral and fluid content, porosity and degree of water saturation in the rock. An according to Singh et al (2006), an inversion of the measured apparent resistivity values using a computer program must be carried out to determine the true subsurface resistivity. The estimated soil water contents by ERM were further compared with the results obtained using the numerical method. For the next 60 years, conventional sounding surveys (Koefoed 1979) were normally used for quantitative understanding. The desired normal load was then applied. narrow vertical structures. Electrical resistivity imaging is a widely used tool in near surface geophysical surveys for investigation of various geological, environmental and engineering problems including landslide. Majotiry of rock-forming minerals are electrical insulators although some native metals and graphite conduct electricity .The measured resistivities in earth materials are majorly controlled by the movement of charged ions in pore fluids. This study aims to develop an ERM with a high spatial resolution and study the ERM performance in the characterization of soil water content dynamics from a quantitative point of view in small-scale evaporation tests, in order to support the future study of desiccation cracking in field investigations. In general, the Wenner is good in resolving vertical changes (i.e. Landslide is one of the most destructive natural disasters in tropical region with these set of climate and geological condition, combined with other causative factors. However, at the present time, Dahlin (1996) reported that 2-D surveys are the most effective economic acceptance between obtaining very successful results and keeping the survey expenses down. The direct-shear test is one of the oldest methods for determining the shear strength of soil materials. Variations in electrical resistivity may indicate change in composition,layer thickness, or contaminant levels. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. The direct shear test has been criticized for the non-homogeneity of the stress-strain state within the direct shear box; however, numerical modeling using the finite element method has demonstrated close similarity between the direct shear and the simple shear test (Jewell 1989). According to the report by Jamaludin et al, 2006, serious natural landslides in this country normally occur in monsoon seasons where intense precipitation is the main triggering factor. The spatial and temporal variations of soil water content during evaporation process can be well characterized by ERM. Landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, scattered rubbish or earth down a slope. Electrical resistivity surveying When current (I) is applied to a block of material and potential drop of (V) volts is measured between two ends of the block, the resistance (R) of the block is equal to (V/I). The bad economic effects of landslides include the cost to repair structures, loss of property value, distruption of lost timber and fish stocks. In tropical climate such as Malaysia, the phenomenon is common especially in hilly areas during monsoon season. According to Srinivasamoorthy (2009), the important purpose of electrical surveys is to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution by making measurements on the ground surface. Other direct-shear apparatus and test methods are presented elsewhere ( Am. Geophysics 42: 555-561, Anonymous 2005. As pointed out by Boulon and colleagues, a significant amount of research established that the shear band in a direct shear interface test is geometrically homogenous. The profile are line 1, line 2, line 3 and line 4. Electrical Resistivity Method (ERM) is part of geophysical methods which used as preliminary step involve in any groundwater exploration. The free program, RES2DMOD.EXE, is a 2-D forward modeling program which calculates the apparent resistivity pseudosection for a user defined 2-D subsurface model. Early indication of the slope stability prone area such as the landslide hazard maps may help planners and developers to choose favorable locations for locating development schemes. The study area is located in Fraser Hill (see figure 3.1). And according to Steeples (2001), there has been an increase in the application of geophysical methods to near-surface problems generally including landslide studies, waste disposal site investigations, groundwater explorations, detecting faults, and determining physical properties of soil. Previous studies include monitoring of groundwater ?ow by pro?ling or mapping the electrical response to an injected salinetracer, either lonely from the ground surface (White,1988,1994; Osiensky and Donaldson, 1995; Morrisetal., 1996) or in bore holes (Bevcand Morrison, 1991). It is however alarming that this requisite resource is becoming scarce everyday due … Arthur and Menzies (1972),Arthur et al (1977),Symes (1983),Tatsuoka et al (1986) had stated that the soil properties then depend on the direction with respect to deposition,or the bedding planes,in which the soil is subsequently sheared. A range of behaviors can be investigated by applying these test conditions to soils with different initial states ranging from very loose to very dense. Careful engineering and geologic study could then follow before such specific project could be implemented. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. As the chamber was subjected to drying, the evolutions of soil electrical resistance and water content at different depths were monitored continuously by the installed sixty electrodes and six time domain reflectometers (TDR) sensors, respectively. To interpret the data from a 2-D imaging survey, a 2-D model for the subsurface which consists of a large number of rectangular blocks is usually used . The important point for a designer concerned with stability analysis is that the shearing resistance in a sample or direct shear test on a sample deposited vertically in the apparatus develops along the bedding planes in the soil,and this corresponds closely with the minimum plane strain shearing resistance in the soil, Tatsuoka et al (1986). Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging surveys were performed along four profiles in the study site. As an elemental test for soil, the direct shear test is subject to problems associated with fabric, stress and strain non-uniformity; however, Boulon and colleagues suggest that for interface testing it is appropriate and practical. Space techniques; remote sensing and GPS with its wide coverage are the proper candidate to put landslide and other natural disasters under surveillance. A change in electrical resistivity may suggest changes in composition, layer thickness, or pollution levels. The true resistivity of the subsurface can be quantified from these measurements (Singh et al 2006). Other facilities include a children’s playground and a roller skating rink. Landslide occurrence is common in hilly terrain of the tropical region due to weather conditions, thick soil profile and lack of slope stability analysis. According to Lagmanson (2005), some properties which affect the resistivity of rock and soil are porosity,moisture content,dissolved electrolytes, temperature of pore water, and conductivity of minerals The proposed laboratory method. ,2000). The resistivity measurements are normally made by injecting current into the ground through two current electrodes (C1 and C2), and measuring the resulting voltage difference at two potential electrodes (P1 and P2). This will increase the probability of landslides. Fraser Hill is a popular highland resort in Malaysia. The moisture content and saturation percentage of this soil is low so that its resistivity is high. Electrical resistivity method was adopted in mapping sand/gravel beds for commercial mining and delineation of water table in Njaba river bank and environs. The electrical resistivity method, which is one of the most widely practiced geophysical prospecting methods, has in the past usually been applied to groundwater and underground resource exploration. To determine the subsurface characteristics of the study area based upon electrical resistivity images. Line 1 gave almost identical shear strength results with line 2 but line 1 is prone to have landslides because of its slope degree higher than line 2. From the current (I) and voltage (V) values, an apparent resistivity (pa) value is calculated. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1st Jan 1970 Landslides have caused mammoth numbers of casualties and big economic losses in hilly and mountainous areas of the world. Practically all commercial multi-electrode systems come with the computer software to carry out this conversion. There is a lack of clear policy for landslide monitoring from a country scale perspective. Copper: It is most widely used metal because soft its high conductivity (i.e., low resistivity), Silver has the lowest resistivity but due to its high cost it is not used as conducting material. The electrical resistivity method has some inherent limitations that affect the resolution and … This study presents that the developed ERM is effective to record soil moisture dynamics, especially in the near-surface zone, in small-scale evaporation tests. les mots exacts . Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. This is a robust array that was popularized by the pioneering work carried by The University of Birmingham research group (Griffiths and Turnbull 1985; Griffiths, Turnbull and Olayinka 1990). In Malaysia which is rapidly moving towards urbanization, many occurrences of landslides had been reported as a serious hazard which had fatalities and losses and results in severe damages in infrastructure. A recent problem faced in Malaysia is landslides on hill slopes. The remainder of the device was assembled and the initial thickness of the soil specimen were determined from the vertical dial, which has been previously calibrated under the normal load with the blank substituted for specimen. Education The variations of soil electrical resistance present an evidentially delayed effect along with the depth. Monitoring of a critical cut slope during construction or after a landslide is done through Geotechnical instruments; tilt-meter, pizo-meter and tensile-meter are the main instruments that used for monitoring the alignment, groundwater level and soil creep. Because of this property, the Wenner array is relatively sensitive to vertical changes in the subsurface resistivity below the centre of the array. Each type of array has its advantages and disadvantages. After which, many governmental and private institutions started to be more involved in monitoring. Landslide is a phenomenon that can give the disadvantage for earth. For instance, water supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems, forests, dams, and roadways can be affected for years after a slide event. The direct shear box apparatus is simple to use and has a long history in soil mechanics. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion ERM performance in the detecting and mapping of cracks initiation, propagation, and coalescence processes in the 2D/3D scale needs to be studied to provide the technical support for its field application. Electrical resistivity surveys have been used for many decades in hydrogeological, mining and geotechnical investigations. In this study,there are two main objectives as follow: The resistivity method has its origin in the 1920’s due to the work of the Schlumberger brothers. Study for free with our range of university lectures! Application of Electrical Resistivity Method in Designing a Structural Model for a Proposed Filling Station Site, Akure, Southwestern Nigeria. Testing Mater., 1964 ; Lambe, 1951). There are many applications for electric resistivity methods including groundwater detection, mineral identification, waste exploration, oil identification, and several others. APPLICATION OF THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD IN ASSESSING SOIL FOR THE FOUNDATION OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE WARSAW ENVIRONS, POLAND Sebastian KOWALCZYK 1) *, Piotr ZAWRZYKRAJ 1), and Maciej MAŚLAKOWSKI 2) 1) Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, ul. Looking for a flexible role? Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. The higher the value of cohesion and angle of friction contribute to higher shear strength. (http://www.marimari.com/hotel/malaysia/hill/fraser.html). The calculated resistivity value is not the true resistivity of the subsurface, but an “apparent” value which is the resistivity of a homogeneous ground which will give the same resistance value for the same electrode arrangement. A geophysical survey including electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and seismic refraction tomography (SRT) was carried out to study a landslide site. The lowest resisitivity value is at point L2C2E17 where it has low shear strength values. tous les mots . The evaporation process with the movement of the evaporation front in the studied soil sample was also discussed in depth. This current causes a potential difference in the ground which is measured by a separate pair of electrodes. In this method, the centre point of the electrode array remains unchanged, but the spacing between the electrodes is increased to produce more explaination about the deeper sections of the subsurface. 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